Coder Desk 360

  Linux Kernel and application programs can be installed on any kind of hardware platform and thus are considered portable. It serves the purpose of multitasking by serving various functions simultaneously. It provides security services in three ways namely, Authentication, Authorization, and Encryption. It supports multiple users to access the same system resource but by using different terminals for operation. Linux provides a hierarchical file system and its code is freely available to all. It has its own application support (to download and install applications) and customized keyboards. Linux distros provide live CD/USB to their users for installation.

 LINUX is used widely because it is completely different from other operating systems where every aspect comes with something extra i.e. some additional features. Some of the major reasons to use LINUX are listed below: It is an open-source operating system where programmers get the advantage of designing their own custom OS Software and the server licensing required to install Linux is completely free and can be installed on many computers as required It has low or minimum but controllable issues with viruses, malware, etc It is highly secured and supports multiple file systems

  Although there are multiple differences between LINUX and UNIX, enlisted points in the below table cover all the major differences. LINUX UNIX LINUX is an open source software development and free operating system used for computer hardware & software, game development, PCs, etc. UNIX is an operating system which is basically used in Intel, HP, internet servers, etc. LINUX has priced as well as freely distributed and downloaded versions. Different versions/flavours of UNIX have different price structures. Users of this operating system could be anyone including home users, developers, etc. This operating system was basically developed for mainframes, servers and workstations except for OSX which is designed such that it can be used by anyone. File support system includes Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, etc. File support system includes jfs, gpfs, hfs, etc. BASH (Bourne Again Shell) is the Linux default shell i.e. text mode interface which su...

 Linux shell is a user interface present between user and kernel. It is used for executing commands and communication with Linux OS. Linux shell is basically a program used by users for executing commands. It accepts human-readable commands as input and converts them into kernel understandable language.  Different types of shells are commonly used on typical Linux system as listed below:  CSH (C Shell) KSH (Korn Shell) BASH (Bourne Again Shell) TCSH ZSH Bourne Shell

 Linux Process is a type of process that can be in a number of different states. The process enters these states from start till end. Process states in Linux are as follows:  New/Ready: In this state, a new process is created and is ready to run. Running: In this state, the process is being executed. Blocked/Wait: In this state, the process is waiting for input from the user and if doesn't have resources to run such as memory, file locks, input, then it can remain in a waiting or blocked state. Terminated/Completed: In this state, the process has completed the execution or terminated by the OS. Zombie: In this state, the process is terminated but information regarding the process still exists and is available in the process table.  

 Swap space, as the name suggests, is basically a space on a hard disk that is used when the amount of physical memory or RAM is full. It is considered a substitute for physical memory. Its main function is to substitute disk space for RAM memory when real RAM does not have enough space to hold all programs that are executing, and more space is required. In simple words, it can be used as an extension of RAM by Linux.

 There are two types of Linux user mode as given below:   Command Line  GUI

 Linux generally consists of five basic elements or components as given below:  Kernel: It is considered a core or main part of Linux and is generally responsible for all major activities of OS such as process management, device management, etc.   System Library: These are special functions or programs with the help of which application programs or system utilities can access features of the kernel without any requirement of code. It is simply used to implement the functionality of the OS.  System Utility: These are utility programs that are responsible to perform specialized and individual-level tasks. They are considered more liable and allow users to manage the computer.   Hardware: It is physical hardware that includes items such as a mouse, keyboard, display, CPU, etc.  Shell: It is an environment in which we can run our commands, shell scripts, and programs. It is an interface between user and kernel that hides all complexities of f...

 Introduction Apache’s mod_rewrite module lets you rewrite URLs in a cleaner fashion, translating human-readable paths into code-friendly query strings. It also lets you rewrite URLs based on conditions. An .htaccess file lets you create and apply rewrite rules without accessing server configuration files. By placing the .htaccess file in the root of your web site, you can manage rewrites on a per-site or per-directory basis Prerequisites To follow this tutorial, you will need: One Ubuntu 18.04 server set up by following the Ubuntu 18.04 initial server setup guide. This includes a sudo non-root user and a firewall. Apache installed by following Step 1 of How To Install Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack on Ubuntu 20.04.   Step 1 — Enabling mod_rewrite         # sudo a2enmod rewrite This will activate the module or alert you that the module is already enabled. To put these changes into effect, restart Apache.      ...